A Social Morality Of The Victorian Age - 1355 Words

Oscar Martin Professor Stephen Mendonca English 2323 2 August 2015 A Social Morality The Victorian age ranged from 1830 to 1901, during this time England reached its highest point as a world imperial power. Industrialization and the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) played a major role in England’s success. The overwhelming industrialization caused a population boom that changed England’s population from two million to six million people. The abundance of people created new social problems that the leading writers and thinkers would have to face and challenge. Such problems were often targeted towards the lower class which faced harsh working conditions, discrimination and other factors that would affect the lives of these people negatively. Social and economic troubles by industrialization were noticed at the start of the era, it went from â€Å"a period of prosperity from 1832 to 1836, a crash in 1837, followed by a series of bad harvests, produced a period of unemployment, desperate poverty, and rioting† (Greenblatt 1022 ). Industrialization came with its positive side as well; writers were able to publish their works faster and spread awareness to the public with the prominence of periodical press. The Victorian age created social commentators such as Charles Dickens, social challengers like George Eliot, and social thinkers similar to John Ruskin to change their world. Charles Dickens experienced the ugly side of the Industrial Revolution in England, which led him toShow MoreRelatedThe Victorians Concern With Morality1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victorians’ Concern with Morality â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Charles Dickens). This quote helps to sum up the Victorian Era. The Victorian Era is understood to have existed during the rule of Queen Victoria between 1837 to 1901. It was thought to be an exciting period that saw various literary schools and artistic styles along with social and politicalRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde1300 Words   |  5 Pageswas written in the Victorian Age of England. During this time morality was connected with sexual restraint and strict codes of conduct in public. This play hilariously critiques Victorian moral and social values while the characters in the play try to figure out the meaning of â€Å"earnestness†. Wilde uses humor and irony to publicly ridicule the self-aggrandizing attitude of the Victorian upper classes, as well as to expose their duplicity and hypocrisy in regards to their social behaviors. The charactersRead MoreSpring Awakening By Frank Wedekind Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesWedekind, pushed the boundaries of the strongly moralistic society of the Victorian age. It was written in 1891, but because of its explicitness, it was not performed until more than a decade later, in 1906. One controversial aspect that is detailed in the play is the unwanted pregnancy of the character Wendla Bergmann. Wedekind s description of this topic illuminates the destructiveness of the Victorian age, which believed in morality and virtuosity above all else. The complete lack of sexual educationRead MoreDuring The Mid.-Nineteenth Century, Victorian England Was1355 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Mid.-nineteenth century, Victorian England was divided into distinct social classes. The three social classes included the working, middle, and upper leisure class. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, the working class became very isolated from the leisure class and often had low paying jobs s uch as a blacksmith, tradesman, and farmer. The wealthy ladies and gentlemen of the leisure class lacked awareness that their frivolous lifestyle was built on the laborious work of the workingRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1438 Words   |  6 Pagesunreliably explanation on the dramatic farce genre for Wilde. This play is a comedy of manner during the Victorian Age. The Victorian Age was a period of peace and sensibility. The Importance of Being Earnest was an early trial in Victorian melodrama. This play was particularly known as a satire with a touch of sentimental comedy. This play was known for its worldly deliberately farce. The Victorian society dealt with brittle comedy which happened to be one of Wilde’s downfalls. Due to the fact thatRead MoreCarmen, Madness, And Sexuality947 Words   |  4 Pagesis why she is portrayed in that way. One of the sad realities of the Victorian time period was the choice to view deviant behavior as proof of insa nity. Tania Woods, in her article that covers several different works and how they view female madness, remarks that Victorian age literature defines madness in an animalistic way, which reflects the â€Å"concept of insanity as a deviation from human rationality† (5). In the Victorian age, hysteria, a unique disease to females, was gaining credibility, andRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde1407 Words   |  6 Pageswhere marriage in Victorian society is widely contradicted as a ‘very pleasant state,’ instead using various comedic devises, such as puns, double entendres and inversions to mock its virtue and morality. Wilde creates comedy through the presentation of Victorian views on the functionality of marriage, ridiculing it as a social tool. The fact that Victorian society does not value the ‘love’ and romance of marriage is witnessed from the exposition, where Algernon’s mockery of social constraints is shownRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1086 Words   |  5 Pagesa fascinating Oscar Wilde reveals a story of social class and hierarchy during the roaring Victorian time period (1837-1901). Focusing his writing on the social classes, the play becomes comical when he exposes the flaws held by the upper class during this time. Wilde saw earnestness as being a key ideal in Victorian culture for much of British society struck Wilde as dry, stern, conservative, and so â€Å"earnestly† concerned with the maintenance of social norms and the status quo that it had becomeRead MoreVictorian Values in Jane Eyre Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pages1) The Vi ctorian Age: Social Background There are tow dates for the beginning of the Victorian Age in England: The first date is 1837, when the Queen Victory accessed to the British throne. However the most accepted date as the start of the Victorian Age is 1832, date of the First Reform Bill. This reform allowed the entrance of urban bourgeoisie or middle-class in the Parliament because the requirements for voting were simplified; there was an increasing number of population with the rightRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By The Victorian Era1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest was written in the Victorian Era when many of the â€Å"religious, social, political, and economic structures were experiencing change† (Joshi). Many writers such as Oscar Wilde criticized Victorian morality and snobby social customs in their writing (Peltason). In his play, Wilde uses Algernon Moncrieff, a wealthy and witty gentleman with no morals, to satirize Victorian values and customs. The play opens with Algernon receiving Jack, or John, Worthing, his friend and

Iron Jawed Angels By Katja Von Garnier - 1651 Words

Iron Jawed Angels, by Katja von Garnier, is a non-fictional drama about a group of women who do everything they can and will do in order to the women’s right to vote during the years between 1912 and 1920, as it was started by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and many others in 1890. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, two of the younger women suffragists, join the NAWSA (the National American Woman Suffrage Association) to try to push for the constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage. Carrie Catt and Anna Shaw allow Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to take over the Washington D.C. NAWSA committee, but Alice and Lucy would have to raise their own funds for the committee. When Alice and Lucy first get to Washington D.C., Alice and Lucy go around recruiting a team of volunteers, including Mabel Vernon, Ruza Wenclawska, and Doris Stevens. Alice, Lucy, Mabel, Ruza, and Doris went to an art gallery to solicit for donations and in the process, Alice convinces Inez Mulholland, a labor lawyer, to be the figure for the parade and the committee. President Woodrow Wilson on one side of Washington D.C. feels a little bit ignored, because on the other side of Washington D.C. the women suffrage parade ends up turning into a riot, with the women suffragists being attacked. Alice and Lucy go over Carrie’s, the president of NAWSA, head to pursue their advantage of publicity by getting a delegation to go see and talk to President Wilson. President Wilson, tells them that they have to wait aShow MoreRelatedIron Jawed Angels: Film Analysis1302 Words   |  5 PagesIron Jawed Angels is the moving 2004 film that highlights how Alice Paul and Lucy Burns fought for womens suffrage. In the film, director Katja von Garnier, follows these women and the efforts they put forth as members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and later the work they did as founders of the National Womans Party (NWP). The film showcases the trials that Alice Paul and Lucy Burns had to overcome, not just from opposition found within NAWSA, but also among societyRead MoreEssay on Impossible is Nothing: One Woman, One Vote911 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation about wars and the passing of importance legislation, however there remains prominent gaps in our understanding of women suffrage for equality--a war that had been going on for half a century. Jennifer Friedess story Iron Jawed Angels produced by Katja von Garnier, underscores the struggle and grief that women suffragists endured, along with providing the viewer with an in-depth understanding of the events, consequences and heroic actions of the activists of the 1920s womens suffragistRead MoreIron Jawed Angels2588 Words   |  11 PagesTitle: Summary, Reaction, and Analysis Paper #1: Iron-Jawed Angels Iron Jawed Angels is a story of two women fighting for women’s rights. They led the struggle for the passage of the 19th amendment to the constitution which gave women the right to vote. These two women along with others petitioned, campaigned, and picketed to publicize the issue. After being arrested for â€Å"traffic violations† a group of women spent time in Occoquan Workhouse. Here they went on a hunger strike to protestRead MoreWomens Suffrage: Creation of the 19th Amendment Essay3991 Words   |  16 Pages2. Butler, Amy E. Two Paths To Equality : Alice Paul And Ethel M. Smith In The ERA Debate, 1921-1929. State University of New York Press, 2002. eBook Collection. Web. December 16, 2012 Movie Perf. = performers/actors names 3. Iron Jawed Angels. Katja Von Garnier. Perf. Hilary Swank, Anjelica Huston, Frances O’Connor. HBO, 2004, DVD Websites 4. â€Å"Women’s Suffrage in the United States.† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Dec. 15, 2012. Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womens_suffrage_in_the_United_States

The Philosophy of Healthcare

Question: What are critical common components to all religions/beliefs in regards to healing, such as prayer, meditation, belief, etc.? Explain. What is important to patients of the faiths when cared for by health care providers whose spiritual beliefs differ from their own? Answer: Introduction The term philosophy of healthcare means the study of ethics, the people who maintains the health for the human beings and the processes. The philosophy of healthcare is best said as a component which is indelible of the human social structure (Allen et al). Which means that the institutional of the healthcare is seen as the necessary phenomenon of the human civilization where as an individual is in the continuous process of improvement, mend and trying to alter the total quality and nature of her or his life. This type of concern which is perennial in nature is especially prominent in the modern liberalism, where health is understood as the necessary foundation for the public life (Bunniss, 2013). The main question that is of concern with the philosophy of healthcare is: Who deserves or requires healthcare? What is the basis or the calculation of the cost of the treatments, drugs and the hospital? What will be the necessary parameters for the quality assurance and the clinical trials? The consolidated meaning of healthcare philosophy is consolidating the abundance information which is available. The 8 world view questions(Girard, 2011): What is prime reality? The answer can be God or the material cosmos. The answer here is fundamental. What is the nature of external reality? Here we will try to see the whole world as autonomous or it is created, as orderly or chaotic, as spirit or matter or whether emphasize is given on personal relationship (Guiahi, Sheeder Teal, 2014). What is human being? It is said to be a machine which is highly complex, a person made in the image of god, a sleeping god or a naked ape. What happens to the person at death? This is answered as personal extinction or transforming to a higher state. Why is it possible to know anything? The answer is the idea that we are made that the image of all knowing god. How to know what is right or wrong? It is determined by the human choice alone Meaning of human history? The answer would be realizing the purpose of god, making a paradise on earth, preparing people for lives in the community What re the life orienting, personal, core commitments are consistent in this worldview? This answer is widely varied. For example a Christian could say to fulfill the will of god or to obey to god. Christian perspective on healthcare During the bible times the physicians were the visible part of the society. The scripture which were present refereed to the medical practices both disdainfully and favorably (Hawley, 2010). The magicians, witchdoctors and charlatans were always driven away and the doctors like the Luke were always respected. When talking of the new treatment Jesus was a great physician. The gospels used to say that he healed many. He healed the people who were the sick, opened the eyes of those who were blind, made the lame man walk and the deaf man started hearing. He said to his disciples that whenever they would look after the sick people they should know that they were looking after Jesus (Quinn, 2014). After Jesus then the healthcare was started in the church. The priests were engaged in healing apart from their teaching and the preaching. In those early days the Christian opposed infanticides, abortion, and even abandoning the infants. Apart from all these they also cared the sick people irrespective of they were. The sick people were visited without thinking of their own peril; they drew themselves to the neighbors disease and willingly taking care of them. In the Greco roman era there was a colossal void in respect to caring of the sick people and the people who were dying. The geeks who were highly indulged with their gods made many temples and statues of their gods but never made any temples (Tsai, Rosenheck, Kasprow McGuire, 2011). Their medical care was vey inferior as there were very low rates of the low cure rates and the doctors were very much distrusted. At that time anyone would call them a doctor. It was said that the old roman world had no charity. It is said that the view of god is demonstrated through the incarnation of his son. Without any sin his so became one of us. The bible teaches that body and our soul is at unity and its importance. The soul can be never being separated from our body. The body belongs to the almighty and to treat the body as an object for the purpose of medical experiments would be sacrilegious. The commands of love had taught in the scriptures which are made by the Christians that they are concerned of the whole man in all the dimensions (Stingl Slamanig, 2011). Then in 1450 AD hospitals were made on the basis of Christian teachings and the Christian culture. But here was no existence of the charity hospitals for the poor until he Christians had founded them. Their main concern was to heal the sick and provide them with proper shelter. It can be said the early Christian philosophy the Christians understood the diseases(Smith, 2015). The healing methods were given in the bible. The Christians accepte d the naturalistic assumptions about those diseases and took care of the sick with the medical knowledge which they had earned from the Greeks and the Romans. Then illness was viewed as the punishment for the sins which one has made and they believed that the people who were sick needed both medical assistant and even compassion. The people who were in the community and outside the community all were treated equally. Sikhs perspective on health care: In the Sikh religion it is said that an essential aspect of the healthcare is the people who are providing with care. For consoling and comforting the patient and his family, the need to accept the state Disease of the loved ones and to take care of the family beyond the aspects of hospitals and churches (Mohanka, 2005). The important aspect which is included in the Sikh patients includes: A patient who is praying for routine care not to interrupt that person. Respect of privacy and modesty (Singh Singh, 2010). Being sensitive to the 5ks of the Sikh which are (religious, articles or the symbols ) Again their consisted of a wooden comb. After the wooden comb, a steel bracket,, underwear and the kirpaan was worn and a ceremonial sword. After the headdress was removed they cover their heads with alternative coverings as they cannot keep their heads empty (Payne, 2002). The infants were supposed to a wear a steel bracelet. When there is a patient before the treatment is starting all the hairs from the body is to be removed. Getting treatment from the opposite sex is not banned but it is preferred to get treatment from the same sex. Many Sikhs who are immigrants from other places they have language problems so there Is an interpreter who translates the procedure, treatment and side effect to the patient. Cleanliness is very important within the Sikhs. Daily talking f bath and personal hygiene is very important unless any doctor has recommended not taking bath for any medical reasons (Sandhu, 2009). Washing and drying of the hair both for the male and the female and daily which includes the male facial hair as well. There is a prayer room for the Sikh; the room is to be kept silence at the time of prayer. The Sikhs makes use of meditation and prayer to remove anxiety, depression and many other forms of mental illness. The Sikhs whore suffering from the mental illness are advised to participate in the gatherings which are taken place in the gurudwara and also encouraged for taking part in the spiritual activities. They do not believe that mental illness and cognitive dysfunction is caused due to the possession of spirit or as the punishment for breaching any religious principle (Shabana, 2013). However the Sikhs are not to attach a stigma to the cognitive dysfunction or to mental illness. Some of them believes that mental illness the cause of mental illness is the evil eye known as the (jado tuna) or capture by the spirits and the demons. Sikhs accepts death as part of life and for the will of god but the act of euthanasia and suicide is forbidden. Conclusion Every human being has three spheres of the being that is mind spirit and the body. When talking of spiritual healing then spirit plays a major role here. This can be said as the internal verses the external locus of control. The external locus of control a human looks outside for healing and in case of internal control a human looks within themselves for the healment.The power of medication and god is spiritual in nature and different beliefs of people in different culture. There can be faith healing, anointing with oil, healing liturgies, music, lying of hands and meditation. Of these multiple diverse and complex presentation the concept of spiritual healing is pervading into many different disciplines like theology, arts, biology and psychology. From the above analysis it is seen that the Christians and the Sikhs have different perspective towards spiritual healing. The Christians perspective is that the theological virtue defined as the secure belief in the almighty that is Jesus and the trusting acceptance of the will of god. It as aid that health is not taken as physical totally but it is a more holistic term which encompasses a complete wellbeing. The most important quality is to maintain a good elation with god. And for this healing was expected by means of petition, prayer and supplication to god. Over 20% of the total contents in the gospel are said about healing with around 41 distinct cases and 72 duplication. Whereas the Sikhs believes that god works through medical science also. The benefit of medical treatment is increased and the healing process is accelerated through chanting the name of god, meditation and reciting the shabds from the siri guru granth sahib. They believe in the process of meditation as it trig gers the whole body to naturally fight all he diseases by boosting the immunity. They prefer o cite prayers, make the patient listen to holy music. To some extent they are similar to Christianity as both believe that god heals with a miracle or by the hand of the health care providers. References 1. Allen, J., Leyva, B., Torres, M., Ospino, H., Tom, L., Rustan, S., Bartholomew, A. (2014). Religious Beliefs and Cancer Screening Behaviors among Catholic Latinos: Implications for Faith-based Interventions. Journal Of Health Care For The Poor And Underserved, 25(2), 503-526. doi:10.1353/hpu.2014.00802. Bunniss, S. (2013). The experiences of medical consultants in scotland with a religious faith: implications for healthcare chaplaincy. HSCC, 13(1), 26-31. doi:10.1558/hscc.v13i1.263. Girard, R. (2011). eHealth: A provincial and regional perspective. Healthcare Management Forum, 24(3), 141-143. doi:10.1016/j.hcmf.2011.07.0024. Guiahi, M., Sheeder, J., Teal, S. (2014). Are women aware of religious restrictions on reproductive health at faith-based hospitals? A survey of women's expectations and preferences for family planning care. Contraception, 90(3), 295. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.2125. Hawley, M. (2010). Sikhs at large: religion, culture, and politics in global perspe ctive. Sikh Formations, 6(1), 95-97. doi:10.1080/17448727.2010.4841426. Mohanka, P. (2005). Religion and conflict in India: A Sikh perspective. The Round Table, 94(382), 589-598. doi:10.1080/003585305003355207. Payne, H. (2002). Religious Faith, Health and Substitute Care. Adoption Fostering, 26(3), 79-81. doi:10.1177/0308575902026003158. Quinn, S. (2014). Home Healthcare From a Student Nurses Perspective. Home Healthcare Nurse, 32(7), 444. doi:10.1097/nhh.00000000000001029. Sandhu, J. (2009). A Sikh Perspective On Alcohol And Drugs: Implications For The Treatment Of Punjabi-Sikh Patients. Sikh Formations, 5(1), 23-37. doi:10.1080/1744872090293503710. Shabana, A. (2013). Religious and cultural legitimacy of bioethics: lessons from Islamic bioethics. Med Health Care And Philos, 16(4), 671-677. doi:10.1007/s11019-013-9472-611. Singh, D., Singh, K. (2010). Care of the elderly: a Sikh perspective. Nurs Residential Care, 12(3), 138-139. doi:10.12968/nrec.2010.12.3.4668412. Singh, J. (2 013). memory, invisibility, and the oak creek gurdwara massacre. Sikh Formations, 9(2), 215-225. doi:10.1080/17448727.2013.82886113. Smith, H. (2015). The ethical implications and religious significance of organ transplantation payment systems. Med Health Care And Philos. doi:10.1007/s11019-015-9632-y14. Stingl, C., Slamanig, D. (2011). Health Records and the Cloud Computing Paradigm from a Privacy Perspective. Journal Of Healthcare Engineering, 2(4), 487-508. doi:10.1260/2040-2295.2.4.48715. Tsai, J., Rosenheck, R., Kasprow, W., McGuire, J. (2011). Do Faith-Based Residential Care Services Affect the Religious Faith and Clinical Outcomes of Homeless Veterans?. Community Ment Health J, 48(6), 682-691. doi:10.1007/s10597-011-9456-z

Richard Scofield free essay sample

One of the hardest times in my life has been the death of my basketball coach, Richard Scofield. He has been the head coach for around seven years before this tragedy happened. My dad was his assistant coach and one of his best friends. It was my time to have the opportunity to play under him. I was looking forward to this ever since he started his coaching career at my school. Our team made it to the regional round of the playoffs, but we unfortunately lost. It was his son’s senior year, and I have never seen a coach show as much passion as he did in that game. This man loved the game, but loved is players more. It was a couple of months after the season ended, and we were heading into track season when we heard the news that our coach was hospitalized with a heart attack. We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Scofield or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was scared at first, but I never suspected that he wouldnt’t make it because he was one of the strongest and most respected men that are in my life. When my family and I were on our way to the hospital, we got a call that informed us that he had passed away. I felt so bad for his two sons, daughter, and wife; especially because I was very close to his youngest son. This was not only hard for his family or my family, but it hit the whole entire school hard. This only showed how great of a man he truly was. For me, this tragedy has taught me to live life to the fullest and to work hard at everything I do, because as humans, we do not know when our life will end. Coach â€Å"Sco† was riding his bicycle over twenty miles to school once or twice a week. I do not know anyone else who is doing that at his age. His determination and love for adventure was something that impacted peoples lives just by watching him. A quote that he said that is imprinted in everyone at my schools mind is, â€Å"Today is the first day of the rest of your life.† And he lived by this. By his example, it has made me want to live life to the fullest and never take anything for granted. He has made me want to work harder and get better every single day. Every time basketball season starts, I think of him. He has also shown me to give God the glory in everything that I do in life, winning or losing, to praise our Lord. His life will never be forgotten and he will be in my heart until the day that I die.

A Natural Curiosity By Margaret Drabble Essays - A Natural Curiosity

A Natural Curiosity by Margaret Drabble Running along the same lines as a daytime soap opera, Margaret Drabble's A Natural Curiosity provides pertinent information about life in Northam, England, a small, quaint town just outside of London, during the mid to late 1900's. Drabble narrates the novel in third person omniscient which allows her to venture into the minds of the diverse characters. Although there exists a black and white central conflict, all of the minor conflicts stem from Alix Bowen, the first, and most essential individual. In one way or another, all of the people share some distinct connection with Alix Bowen. Drabble's description of Alix Bowen's obsession with a murderer named Paul Whitmore who had held her hostage in the past, allows the reader identify with Alix's innocence. A good-hearted, well-minded person, Alix Bowen feels compelled to discover how a man of Whitmore's intelligence could possibly commit the horrible crimes that he did. Drabble also forces the reader to sympathize with Alix Bowen, and to understand her obsession. In showing her unconditional dedication to Whitmore, Alix sets off to locate the father of the murderer. The reason this infatuation continues relies solely on the fact that Whitmore offers Alix an ?intellectual and psychological stimulus of an unusually invigorating nature.? The chain effect remains evident as individual dilemmas that arise between members of a social group ultimately affect the group as a whole, underlying the theme of the novel. Throughout the novel, when two or more people disagreed on an issue, a third party swiftly enters the picture offering either hurt or help to the issue. In one instance, Carla Davis, a deceitful woman, lays the blame of her husband's supposed hostage situation in Baldai on Charles Headleand, a thoughtful, caring, gentleman. On another occasion, Liz Headleand begins to act odd when she discovers that her long-time friend, Alix Bowen, repeatedly visits the murderer. Undoubtedly, Margaret Drabble's strengths far outweigh her weaknesses in A Natural Curiosity. Drabble's tremendous usage of descriptive adjectives truly brings her characters to life. In addition, the author's serious, yet sometimes sarcastic tones really add to the lively effect of the novel. Drabble shows no fear in coming right out and stating her points, and this indicates the sophistication of her style. Symbolism, the most important strength in Drabble's novel, allows the reader to enter the minds of the characters for themselves without having Drabble do it for the reader. For example, when describing people, the author gives the deceiving characters the dark, evil shades of color, whereas when describing a naive person she uses lighter colors. The lone weakness that stands out in this novel consists of the occasional unnecessary rambling on about certain characters. As Drabble forbids the reader to ever forget about the novel, ?Life sets us unfair puzzles....Puzzles with piec es missing.?

International Marketing Rollout Plan Essay Example

International Marketing Rollout Plan Essay Example International Marketing Rollout Plan Essay International Marketing Rollout Plan Essay Discourse the Impact of Globalisation on the Automotive Industry. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 The Smaller Globe †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. 3 Switching Tides †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 The Dynamics of Globalisation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Bibliography.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Introduction Bhaqwati ( 2004, p 1 ) provinces that the term ‘globalisation’ â€Å"†¦ can intend many things.† In the context of international trade, he ( Bhaqwati, 2004, p 1-2 ) defines it as the â€Å"Economic globalization †¦ of national economic systems into the international economic system through trade, direct foreign investing, †¦ short-run capital flows, †¦ and flows of technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The importance and influence of international trade was recognized every bit early as 380 BC by Plato who observed â€Å"†¦ it is practically impossible to set up the metropolis in a part where it will non necessitate imports† ( Irwin, 1997, P 13 ) . The relevancy of the predating in footings of modern-day concerns and industries is best summed up by Michael Porter’s five basic forces that define the province of fight within an industry and therefore represents the underlying foundation upon which an scrutiny of the ‘Impact of global ization on the automotive industry’ shall be based ( Porter, 1979, Pp 21-22 ) : The menace of new entrants, Dickering power of providers, Dickering power of clients Menace of replacement merchandises or services The industry jockeying for place among current rivals Porter ( 1979, Pp 21 ) provinces that â€Å"The corporate strength of these forces determines the ultimate net income potency of an industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He adds that: â€Å"Whatever their corporate strength, the corporate strategist’s end is to happen a place in the industry where his or her company can outdo support itself from these forces or can act upon them in its favor† ( Porter, 1979, P -22 ) . Herein lies the premiss every bit good as points of scrutiny from which the ‘impact of globalization on the automotive industry’ shall be conducted. The automotive industry has been selected as the instance illustration as it impacts the economic systems of industrialised states more than any other merchandise and therefore their economic lucks in footings of trade shortages, occupations and balance of payments finds a strong correlativity in how this industry performs in a domestic sense every bit good as upon the universe phase. The Smaller Globe The forces of globalization has resulted in a reshaping of the international automotive industry as a consequence of consumer consciousness and the demand for companies to spread out their markets in the pursuit for increased unit production and stockholder value. The influence and effects of the media in conveying viing theoretical accounts, along with international athleticss events sponsorships, automotive magazines, the Internet and international racing events have created new kineticss ( Gordon, 2004 ) . The bosom of the issue nevertheless, is national economic sciences in the production and gross revenues of cars and their associated merchandises and serving represent ( Bernaldo de Quiros, 2004, Pp 66-75 ) . The automotive industry is the figure one consumer of steel and gum elastic and drives a host of associated industries and companies from gasolene to wirelesss, parts, providers and franchises. It is a accepted economic force. The United States automotive industry became th e universe leader as a consequence of its immense homogeneous market of 295,734,134 persons ( CIA World Factbook, 2005 ) , and represented the focal point of the industry from its origin through to early 2000 when the European Union replaced it as the world’s figure one trading zone as evidenced by its 462,371,237 persons in 25 member states ( Internet World Stats, 2006 ) . The kineticss of China’s burgeoning market ( Stark, 2005 ) will overshadow anything yet seen in automotive history as it seeks to provide vehicles to a population of 1,306,313,812 ( Yahoo Education, 2006 ) . The predating kineticss represent points one, three and five on Michael Porter’s ( 1979, Pp 21-22 ) list of ‘five basic forces: The menace of new entrants, Dickering power of providers, Dickering power of clients Menace of replacement merchandises or services The industry jockeying for place among current rivals The foregoing is a direct consequence of the shrinkage of the Earth as represented by increased communicating manners, telecasting, printed media, films and the Internet, every bit good as increased consumer consciousness and national economic policies. The Shaping of Changing Dynamics, The Past Influences the Present The predating displacements in economic features have changed the historical focal point of automotive makers from concentration on the United States market, to the universe phase. The first international car company was Ford. It founded Ford of Canada in 1904, and in turn established operations in England ( 1911 ) , Brazil ( 1919 ) , Germany and Australia ( 1925 ) , as it established its presence on the universe phase ( Detroit News.com, 2006 ) . But in truth, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler put the first motor vehicle into production in 1885 ( Wright, 1996 ) . The first traces of the present twenty-four hours manifestations can be traced back to the Nipponese automotive enlargement in the United States in the 1980’s when the Nipponese car makers challenged and passed the United States in entire vehicles manufactured ( Wright, 1996 ) . Today, Nipponese automotive makers sell one out of every four vehicles purchased in the U.S. market ( Wright, 1996 ) . The present construction of the automotive industry sees Nipponese, German, British, American, Gallic, Italian vehicles being manufactured in other states in a true statement of globalization. The switching tides of the industry is evidenced by the size of the automotive makers as shown by the Fortune 500 Global list for 2000 and 2005: Table 1 – Fortune Global 500 Comparisons, Automotive Companies By Gross saless ( Fortune Magazine, 2000 ) ( Fortune Magazine, 2005 ) Rank Year Company Gross saless ( Bn ) Rank Year Company Gross saless 5 2000 General Motors 193 5 2005 General Motors 193 6 2000 Daimler Chrysler 192 6 2005 Daimler Chrysler 176 7 2000 Ford 170 7 2005 Toyota 172 8 2000 Toyota 165 8 2005 Ford 172 12 2000 VW 120 15 2005 VW 110 26 2000 Honda 78 27 2005 Honda 80 28 2000 Peugeot 77 29 2005 Nissan 79 35 2000 Nissan 71 41 2005 Peugeot 70 51 2000 Fiat 60 57 2005 Fiat 59 The comparative displacements represented by the predating Table indicates that the automotive giants in the United States are losing land, with one automotive company, Chrysler, now the acquisition of Daimler Benz, go forthing merely General Motors and Ford as the staying vehicle makers in the United States. Switching Tides The menaces to the United States laterality non longer entirely consists of market portion in that market. It is a factor of market portion and gross revenues on a planetary plane. And while U.S. made vehicles sell in their place state. They are practical shades in footings of planetary presence, and herein represent the stating effects of globalization, selling and merchandising merchandises internationally. The preceding is a merchandise of corporate civilization. International companies must hold an international outlook at the top of the corporate hierarchy in order to develop merchandises, and selling scheme suited to the universe phase ( Onkvisit et al, 2004, P 2 ) . The place market focal point as represented by the executive top direction of American automotive companies is working against them in the face of globalization. The really fact that Nipponese and European car makers focused on deriving U.S. market portion, every bit good as within the European Union and Africa eve ry bit good as Asia is functioning them good. The top direction constructions at European and Nipponese car makers has been skewed from an international position decennaries ago, and the net effects can be seen by their market incursion globally which sees an absence of American makers by and big. Ford and General Motors have a market presence in Europe through their Focus and Opel divisions, by their other trade name names such as Lincoln, Mercury, Chevrolet, Buick and Cadillac are notably absent. Onkvisit et Al, 2004, P 4 ) illustrates this position by the undermentioned definition â€Å"Domestic Marketing is concerned with the selling patterns within a †¦ marketer’s place country† . He farther illustrates this point by indicating to the advertisement motto of Lufthansa Airlines, which stated â€Å"You don’t learn to wing overseas overnight.† ( Onkvisit et al, 2004, P 6 ) . The predating clearly points to the advantages of holding a planetary position at the top of the organisational construction. The Dynamics of Globalisation The preceding is stating in that all of the companies other than Ford and GM, as represented in Table 1 derive their gross revenues as a consequence of get the hanging consumer design, characteristics, quality, distribution and merchandising in foreign markets. Globalisation calls for globally oriented merchandises. This means vehicle sizes, internal characteristics, engines and other constituents that fit the demands and dictates of differing markets. Companies such as Daimler Benz, Peugeot ( which does non sell vehicles in the U.S. market ) , VW, Toyota, Fiat and the others manufacture what are termed ‘world cars’ ( Camuffo, 2005, p 2 ) . These are described as vehicles that are designed for the narrower streets of foreign metropoliss, have efficient design engines for long-run lastingness, are monetary value witting and low-cost, and offer public-service corporation. See the size of vehicles manufactured and produced for the American market by Ford, General Motors, Da imler Benz, Toyota, BMW, and Nissan. Larger gasolene powered autos and SUV’s that entreaty to the market gustatory sensations of the American consumer. The preceding does non stand for the schemes that work in the European Union that is dominated by efficient Diesel engines, smaller public-service corporation hatchback type design that fits the smaller street breadth of Europe’s metropoliss ( Korth, 2005, Pp 35-42 ) . The European Union has put forth a ‘Competitive Automotive Regulatory System for the 21st Century’ , termed â€Å"CARS 21† ( European Commission, 2005 ) . The foregoing is in acknowledgment of the fact that vehicles represent â€Å"†¦ 3 % of Europe’s Gross Domestic Product, 7 % of employment in the fabrication sector and 8 % of EU governments’ entire revenue†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and is â€Å"†¦ a pillar of the European economy† ( European Commission, 2005, p 4 ) . â€Å"CARS 21† sets forth rigorous ordinances covering environmental and route safety developed specially in response to globalization issues ( European Commission, 2005, p 5 ) . The aim of â€Å"CARS 21† is to: â€Å"†¦ make recommendations for the short-run, medium, and long term populace policy and regulative model for the European automotive industry, which enhance planetary fight and employment while prolonging farther advancement in safety and environmental public presentation at a monetary value affordable to the consumer† ( European Commission, 2005, p 6 ) . Clearly, the predating points to the apprehension of the economic importance of the automotive industry and the menaces posed by globalization in consideration of Michael Porter’s ( 1979, Pp 21-22 ) list of ‘five basic forces: The menace of new entrants, Dickering power of providers, Dickering power of clients Menace of replacement merchandises or services The industry jockeying for place among current rivals Decision The impact of globalization on the automotive industry is seeing that the emerging markets such as â€Å"†¦ Brazil, India, and China†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Camuffo, 2005, p 2 ) every bit good as markets in Eastern Europe and Mexico represent parts that demand universe auto solutions in response to their peculiar market niceties and kineticss and are the new markets of growing. To run into these challenges calls for automotive makers to use new models in OEMs, supplier methodological analysis, part’s design, engineering use, logistics, works location and fabrication assembly and investing. The demands and demands of clients in these markets every bit good as the alone route and other conditions means that less expensive vehicles will hold to hold higher degrees of serviceableness and dependability. The preceding means that the markets will hold higher inputs in the dictates as to how these vehicles are designed. Flexibility with regard to the basic vehicle platform will be the norm, every bit good as the easiness of upgrading parts and characteristics to run into the turning demands of edification as these markets mature. The predating developments have heightened the bets in footings of growing as a consequence of the demands of globalization where â€Å"†¦ economic systems of graduated table and †¦ specialisation †¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Camuffo, 2005, p 2 ) are the cardinal concern strategic considerations. The foregoing are factors, which represent easier challenges for those companies that â€Å"†¦ don’t learn to wing overseas overnight.† ( O nkvisit et al, 2004, P 6 ) . Bibliography Bernaldo de Quiros. ( 2004 ) .Why Globalization Works. Vol. 24. The Cato Journal Bhaqwati, Jagdish. ( 2004 ) . In Defense of Globalisation. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0195170253 Camuffo, Arnaldo ( 2005 ) .Rolling Out a â€Å"World Car† : Globalization, Outsourcing and Modularity in the Auto Industry. University of Venice, Italy, Department of Business Economics and Management CIA World Factbook. ( 2005 ) .United States. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/us.html. Accessed 7 March 2006 Detroit News.com ( 2006 )Car of the Century? Ford’s Model T, of class. hypertext transfer protocol: //info.detnews.com/joyrides/story/index.cfm? id=75. Accessed 7 March 2006 European Comision ( 2005 )Cars 21. 13 January 2005. European Union Fortune Magazine. ( 2000 )Global 500. hypertext transfer protocol: //search.yahoo.com/search? p=fortune+global+500+list+1990 A ; ei=UTF-8 amp ; fr=FP-tab-web-t A ; b=11. Accessed 7 March 2006 Fortune Magaine ( 2005 )Global 500. hypertext transfer protocol: //money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/index.html. Accessed 7 March 2006 Gordon, Jacques. ( 2004 )Rushing Improves the Breed: Better rushing through modern engineering. May 2004. Aftermarket Business Internet World Stats ( 2006 )European Union. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.internetworldstats.com/europa.htm. Accessed 7 March 2006 Irwin, Douglas. ( 1997 ) .Against the Tide. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 0691058962 Korth, Kim. ( 2005 )Globalization: myths, speculatior A ; what you need to believe about.October 2005. Automotive Design A ; Production Onkvisit, Sak, Shaw, John. ( 2004 )International Marketing Strategy: Analysis and Strategy.Routledge Publishing. ISBN: 0415311330 Porter, Michael. ( 1997 ) .On Competition. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN: 0875847951 Stark, Jurgen. ( 2005 )The province of globalisation: A European insider studies the scene. Soring 2005. The International Economy Wright, Richard ( 1996 ) .A Brief History of the First 100 Old ages of the Automotive Industry in the United States.hypertext transfer protocol: //inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm? site=http: //www.theautochannel.com/mania/industry.orig/history/ . Accessed 7 March 2006 Yahoo Education ( 2006 )China. hypertext transfer protocol: //education.yahoo.com/reference/factbook/ch/popula.html. Accessed 7 March 2006

US - EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

US - EU - Essay Example Educational institutions--explicitly including universities--are not philanthropic islands of abstract debate. This maxim of the German President is borne out by this colloquium, for this is not merely an 'abstract debate'. And there can be no talk of an 'island', either, for this is a cross-border, joint meeting of SUERF and the CFS. Incidentally, the motive is the exchange of knowledge with the financial community including central banks, thus avoiding all suspicion of insular ivory-tower erudition. There can be no doubt that the financial community will likewise benefit from an exchange of knowledge.1 After all, the euro was and is an intellectual challenge for all those concerned with it. An interesting exchange of views is therefore to be expected, and a debate based on two fundamental perceptions may be fruitful:1) A consistent monetary policy, committed primarily to the target of stability, is the best contribution a central bank--no matter whether the Bundesbank or the Europe an Central Bank (ECB)--can make to the viability of the financial markets. Without stable money, the financial markets cannot function properly.2) Conversely, it must also be said that monetary policy needs an efficient, highly competitive and stable financial system. In the first place, a financial sector that is susceptible to disruption poses risks to the entire monetary system, and thus also to the safety of the currency. Second, in a stable environment, monetary policy impinges on economic activity more smoothly. That was and is true of the Bundesbank's monetary policy.2 It is bound to apply to the European System of Central Banks' (ESCB's) monetary policy as well. Clarity now obtains in some matters of significance to financial market players concerning the euro. The future framework for economic policy action is now emerging ever more clearly. Since its constitutive meeting in June 1998, the ECB Governing Council has taken a multitude of important decisions. There is broad clarity today about the arsenal of instruments with which the ESCB will operate. The primary buttress of refinancing will be repo transactions, which have been so successful at the national level. The interest rate for this main source of finance will lie within the corridor whose ceiling and floor are marked out by the interest rates for the marginal lending and deposit facilities. These principal elements of the range of instruments have been designed with the intention of the money market developing as steadily as possible, so that recourse to fine-tuning instruments can be relatively rare. The same purpose is served by minimum reserves, which are often criticized in banking circles. At a rate of 2 per cent, the cost burden is kept within very narrow bounds, especially considering that, owing to the envisaged payment of interest on minimum reserves, the banks' working balances, which will have to be held anyway, will yield interest. In the envisaged form (a reserve to be maintained as a monthly average) they will act as a buffer in the money market. They can therefore largely cushion unforeseen fluctuations in the demand for liquid funds without any major central bank intervention. A very important step on the way to a single monetary policy is the agreement on the main elements of the monetary policy strategy that was reached in the ECB Governing Council on 13 October 1998. These elements contain the quantitative definition of price stability as the primary objective of the single monetary policy: 'Price stability shall be defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices for the euro area of below 2%.' By this decision, the ECB Governing Council is following up to a large degree the Bundesbank's successful strategy, while at the same time taking due account of the specific conditions